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Sapiens (Special Collector’s Editions in Full Colour): A Brief History of Humankind Paperback – 11 September 2018
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100,000 years ago, at least six human species inhabited the earth. Today there is just one. Us. Homo sapiens. How did our species succeed in the battle for dominance? Why did our foraging ancestors come together to create cities and kingdoms? How did we come to believe in gods, nations and human rights; to trust money, books and laws; and to be enslaved by bureaucracy, timetables and consumerism? And what will our world be like in the millennia to come?
In Sapiens, Dr Yuval Noah Harari spans the whole of human history, from the very first humans to walk the earth to the radical – and sometimes devastating – breakthroughs of the Cognitive, Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions. Drawing on insights from biology, anthropology, palaeontology and economics, he explores how the currents of history have shaped our human societies, the animals and plants around us, and even our personalities. Have we become happier as history has unfolded? Can we ever free our behaviour from the heritage of our ancestors? And what, if anything, can we do to influence the course of the centuries to come?
Bold, wide-ranging and provocative, Sapiens challenges everything we thought we knew about being human: our thoughts, our actions, our power ... and our future.
'Here is a simple reason why Sapiens has risen explosively to the ranks of an international bestseller. It tackles the biggest questions of history and of the modern world, and it is written in unforgettably vivid language. You will love it!' - Jared Diamond
- Print length456 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions15.3 x 3.5 x 23.4 cm
- PublisherHarvill Secker
- Publication date11 September 2018
- ISBN-101846558247
- ISBN-13978-1846558245
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- One of history’s few iron laws is that luxuries tend to become necessities and to spawn new obligations.Highlighted by 43,498 Kindle readers
- There are no gods in the universe, no nations, no money, no human rights, no laws, and no justice outside the common imagination of human beings.Highlighted by 42,311 Kindle readers
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From the Publisher

Eighteenth-century masculinity: an official portrait of King Louis XIV of France. Note the long wig, stockings, high-heeled shoes, dancer's posture - and huge sword.

Twenty-first-century masculinity: an official portrait of Barack Obama. What happened to the wig, stockings, high heels - and sword?

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Review
Interesting and provocative… It gives you a sense of how briefly we’ve been on this Earth ― Barack Obama
Jaw-dropping from the first word to the last… It may be the best book I’ve ever read ― Chris Evans
Tackles the biggest questions of history and the modern world… Written in unforgettably vivid language ― Jared Diamond
Startling... It changes the way you look at the world ― Simon Mayo
About the Author
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Product details
- Publisher : Harvill Secker; 2014th edition (11 September 2018)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 456 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1846558247
- ISBN-13 : 978-1846558245
- Reading age : Customer suggested age: 13 years and up
- Item Weight : 986 g
- Dimensions : 15.3 x 3.5 x 23.4 cm
- Country of Origin : India
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Prof. Yuval Noah Harari has a PhD in History from the University of Oxford and lectures at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specializing in world history. His books have been translated into 65 languages, with 45 million copies sold worldwide. 'Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind' (2014) looked deep into our past, 'Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow' (2016) considered far-future scenarios, and '21 Lessons for the 21st Century' (2018) zoomed in on the biggest questions of the present moment. 'Sapiens: A Graphic History' (launched in 2020) is a radical adaptation of 'Sapiens' into a four-part graphic novel series, which Harari created and co-wrote in collaboration with comics artists David Vandermeulen (co-writer) and Daniel Casanave (illustrator). 'Unstoppable Us' (launched in 2022) is Harari's first book series for children, telling the epic true story of humans and our superpower in four volumes, and featuring illustrations by Ricard Zaplana Ruiz.
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It's quite rarely when you came across a person or a book which just amazes you and a part of it just housed into your mind and brain. By the way , What do know about Humans(us) ? I was taught,like many others, in school that Homo Sapiens is the scientific name for Humans. Homo Sapiens -the species Sapiens(Wise ) of the genus (Homo) and is the only living human species on earth but none of them debriefed us anything about the conditions in which we actually arose . Were there exist only Homo Sapiens or there exist other human species too ? 100,000 years ago,at least, six human species inhabited the earth. Today, there's just one. Us.
And What injected in the minds of kids at a very young age , including me, is that it's the climate which causes the extinction of many animal species . But is it a complete truth ? Few tried to find . Honestly, I didn't but this book answered so many answers to the questions which were not even budded in our brain .
Magnum Opus this book is a wide-ranging and bold work of non-fiction which challenges everything we thought we knew about being human from our thoughts to our actions and even our future . Sapiens tabled the answers of intricate questions raised from curiosity while studying the history of our own species. Book is divided into four major parts- The Cognitive Revolution, The Agriculture Revolution, The Unification of Humankind & The Scientific Revolution . Every Part is further divided into subparts & gives ample description on the mentioned topics. In the first section, The Cognitive Revolution , Author talks about the existence of other human species that exist before Homo Sapiens and how Homo Sapiens turned out to be the environment serial killer which had annihilated many species including his own siblings and many other animals.This section also reveals the way of living of our ancestors and the little myths they create to bind the humankind.
Next comes , The Agriculture Revolution, which explains that how our ancestors who were foragers and had the only aim to hunt and live renounced their practice of living a nomadic life and settled to sow and grow . How this decision of settling at a place for farming turned out to be the most decisive moment in the history of humankind which changed the aberrated the history and most importantly how Agriculture turned out to be the biggest fraud of history . our ancestors who usually stay in a band of 15-20 eventually start living in a group of 100s when the agriculture flourished ,
And after the agricultural revolution, human societies grew ever larger and more complex .Myths and fictions accustomed people, nearly from the moment of their birth, to think in a certain way and to observe certain rules. They thereby created artificial instincts that enabled millions to strangers to cooperate effectively and this network of artificial instincts is called 'Culture'. The Unification of Humankind holds the contents which were put into action many years ago to unite the mankind either with the help of 'Culture' or 'Religion' or 'Nations'. This section also enlightens about the crucial role played by different religions sprouted in the different part of the world to add more and more strangers in a community. Harari in this section depicts how Mythology helped in maintaining law & order while money gave us something we can really trust.
And the last section , The Scientific Revolution, which stretched for about 2nd half of the book gave us a clear glimpse of the beginning of the scientific revolution which introduced humans to their actual capabilities of being the wisest species on earth. Samen which lands us on the moon to manufacturing weapons of mass destruction.
So Sapiens is a must read , thrilling and breathtaking account of our extraordinary history - from insignificant apes to the rulers of the world.
It's quite rarely when you came across a person or a book which just amazes you and a part of it just housed into your mind and brain. By the way , What do know about Humans(us) ? I was taught,like many others, in school that Homo Sapiens is the scientific name for Humans. Homo Sapiens -the species Sapiens(Wise ) of the genus (Homo) and is the only living human species on earth but none of them debriefed us anything about the conditions in which we actually arose . Were there exist only Homo Sapiens or there exist other human species too ? 100,000 years ago,at least, six human species inhabited the earth. Today, there's just one. Us.
And What injected in the minds of kids at a very young age , including me, is that it's the climate which causes the extinction of many animal species . But is it a complete truth ? Few tried to find . Honestly, I didn't but this book answered so many answers to the questions which were not even budded in our brain .
Magnum Opus this book is a wide-ranging and bold work of non-fiction which challenges everything we thought we knew about being human from our thoughts to our actions and even our future . Sapiens tabled the answers of intricate questions raised from curiosity while studying the history of our own species. Book is divided into four major parts- The Cognitive Revolution, The Agriculture Revolution, The Unification of Humankind & The Scientific Revolution . Every Part is further divided into subparts & gives ample description on the mentioned topics. In the first section, The Cognitive Revolution , Author talks about the existence of other human species that exist before Homo Sapiens and how Homo Sapiens turned out to be the environment serial killer which had annihilated many species including his own siblings and many other animals.This section also reveals the way of living of our ancestors and the little myths they create to bind the humankind.
Next comes , The Agriculture Revolution, which explains that how our ancestors who were foragers and had the only aim to hunt and live renounced their practice of living a nomadic life and settled to sow and grow . How this decision of settling at a place for farming turned out to be the most decisive moment in the history of humankind which changed the aberrated the history and most importantly how Agriculture turned out to be the biggest fraud of history . our ancestors who usually stay in a band of 15-20 eventually start living in a group of 100s when the agriculture flourished ,
And after the agricultural revolution, human societies grew ever larger and more complex .Myths and fictions accustomed people, nearly from the moment of their birth, to think in a certain way and to observe certain rules. They thereby created artificial instincts that enabled millions to strangers to cooperate effectively and this network of artificial instincts is called 'Culture'. The Unification of Humankind holds the contents which were put into action many years ago to unite the mankind either with the help of 'Culture' or 'Religion' or 'Nations'. This section also enlightens about the crucial role played by different religions sprouted in the different part of the world to add more and more strangers in a community. Harari in this section depicts how Mythology helped in maintaining law & order while money gave us something we can really trust.
And the last section , The Scientific Revolution, which stretched for about 2nd half of the book gave us a clear glimpse of the beginning of the scientific revolution which introduced humans to their actual capabilities of being the wisest species on earth. Samen which lands us on the moon to manufacturing weapons of mass destruction.
So Sapiens is a must read , thrilling and breathtaking account of our extraordinary history - from insignificant apes to the rulers of the world.
Yuval Noah Harari, the author, is a professor of History and an intellectual polymath in the tradition of Bronowski, Issac Asimov and Carl Sagan. He has written several path-breaking books during the past ten years.
This book is a sweeping dissertation on the history of mankind. On the very first page, we are told about the conceptual sequence of physics, chemistry, biology and history. Next, the author lists the three revolutions which have shaped the course of history: The Cognitive Revolution, the Agricultural Revolution and the Scientific Revolution. The book is divided into four sections, one for each of the three Revolutions and one serving as a bridge between the Agricultural and Scientific Revolutions. Let us examine these sections one by one.
The section on the Cognitive Revolution begins with a “disturbing secret” – for a long time, Homo Sapiens was not the only human species. In the author’s own words, “The earth of a hundred millennia ago was walked by at least six different species of man.” The author says that more than one human species had learnt the use of fire. Homo Sapiens originated in East Africa and entered Eurasia through the Arabian Peninsula about 70,000 years ago. There are two conflicting theories about the interaction between Sapiens and the other species, known as the Interbreeding Theory and the Replacement Theory. The author speculates that the truth lies in between these two theories, although there is a strong likelihood that violence and genocide had occurred, as “Tolerance is not a Sapiens trademark.”
The Cognitive Revolution comprises new ways of thinking and communicating, which arose between 70,000 and 30,000 years ago. Sapiens bonded with “gossip” and formed bands with upto 150 members. Beyond this limit, says the author, human cooperation becomes possible only through common myths, or imagined reality, leading to trade and cultural evolution.
Further, “The wandering bands of storytelling Sapiens were the most important and most destructive force the animal kingdom had ever produced… The settlers of Australia, or more accurately, its conquerors, didn’t just adapt, they transformed the Australian ecosystem beyond recognition.” The combination of climate change and human hunting changed not only Australia, but also Siberia, North America and South America.
Coming to the next Revolution, agriculture began around 9500 – 8500 BC in south eastern Turkey, and simultaneously in other parts of the globe as well. The author surprisingly describes Agriculture as “history’s biggest fraud” and justifies it by saying that “the extra food did not translate into a better diet or more leisure. Rather, it translated into population explosions and pampered elites. The average farmer worked harder than the average forager, and got a worse diet in return.” As the population increased and animals were domesticated, the possibility of returning to a foraging lifestyle diminished. Rearing of animals involved (and still involves) extreme cruelty. Eventually, as trade began and data arose, some rudimentary forms of writing began. Next, hierarchies came up based on imagined orders. Simultaneously, gender discrimination arose in various societies.
The third section of the book is titled “Unification of Mankind,” which covers human culture. The author identifies three universal orders: economic, or the monetary order; political, or the imperial order; and finally, religious order exemplified by religions such as Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. There are detailed chapters on each of these.
The fourth and last section of the book covers the Scientific Revolution. Beginning with the philosophical aspects of ignorance and the scientific temperament, the author presents another striking line of thought: “The feedback loop between science, empire and capital has arguably been history’s chief engine for the past 500 years.” The next few chapters are devoted to these topics. Subsequently, the author discusses the Industrial Revolution, along with energy, mass production and the social impact of technology. This is followed by a chapter focusing on the relationship between prosperity and happiness, followed by some speculations about the future.
There can be no doubt that this book is a tour de force, which compels the reader to think. However, various criticisms can be levelled against Dr Harari. The foremost of these is that many speculations, theories and opinions of the author are presented as established facts. The other major potential for criticism lies in the selection of material and the relative emphasis on various topics. This reviewer, for example, feels that most of the chapters in the third and fourth sections of the book are too long and verbose.
I cannot end this review without comparing this book with the author’s subsequent work “Homo Deus,” which I happened to read first. There is considerable overlap between the topics covered in the two books. The speculations about the past in this book are mirrored by speculations about the future in the other book. But there is an important difference: while this book leaves the reader with a sense of shame for belonging to Homo Sapiens, the other one gives hope that someday there will be a sense of pride arising out of being human. Finally, if one had to choose to read only one of these two books, I would unequivocally recommend “Homo Deus.”
Top reviews from other countries

THE GOOD
- This is a fantastic book with the power of infinitely attracting the reader. I must admit that when I bought it, I thought that it was just a general history of humankind, but it's much more than that. It is an analysis of how we got here. From the Agricultural Revolution, to Capitalism, passing through the construction of empires, the author brilliantly explains why, exposing different points of view and, of course, giving an opinion about them without any pretense omniscience.
- The consequences of prehistoric human migration around the world on flora, fauna and other human species are very interesting. Harari encourages us to think about the experience of the first encounters between modern humans and neanderthals: the discovery that we weren't alone after all... Fascinating stuff.
- It is full of insights: on the Agricultural Revolution, the myths that we create in order to unite and achieve a common goal, etc.
- The author analyses whether we are happier or not than in other parts of history, a subject that historians rarely approach. It's obviously highly speculative but nevertheless it is a good thought experiment and questions some assumptions we might make and the oversimplified views of history.
- He makes very good points about money: that it doesn't have intrinsic value; that it is one of the most tolerant systems created by human beings - thanks to it, people of different cultures can cooperate effectively; nevertheless, regarding to money, we don't trust other people - we trust the coin they hold - "If they run out of coins we run out of trust"
- He analyses the current consumerism: "Consumerism has worked very hard, with the help of popular psychology, to convince people that indulgence is good for you, whereas frugality is self-oppression". Brilliant!
- He discusses the effects of industrialization and European encroachment on other peoples around the world accurately and to a great extent.
- In the last chapter, transhumanist technologies are discussed: a-mortality, the upgrading of human beings, etc. It is a good theme for reflection. I can't imagine what goes in the head of people who want to be immortal here on earth. It's clearly a sign of desperation of someone who's terribly afraid to die and thinks the world turns around him or her. Apparently, too many people have these fantasies. The fact that the main scientist investigating this looks more like a maniac that got out from a mental asylum doesn't help to the cause. There are people who even think that governments who don't support these policies should be charged with manslaughter! And I thought that I had seen idiocy at its extreme with climate change deniers... It appears that to live forever is a God-given right to them. It's incredibly selfish, egotistical and dumb, because they simply don't seriously think about the posible repercussions. Or they don't think at all. Hannah Arendt said that people commited atrocities not because they are 'evil'; it is due to thoughtlessness. So there you have it: a bunch of thoughtless maniacs looking for the fountain of youth. What could go wrong? Maybe the fact that the fountain doesn't exist. But they will angrily point out that it is real as if they were defending a religious belief - which it is. Above all, I can't imagine their pain when they understand that they are going to die. To get back to the main point, Harari accurately analyzes the consequences if such transhumanist ideals became real. The problem is that he actually believes these science fiction scenarios will happen.
THE BAD
- The theory of a "cognitive revolution" 70,000 years ago is very problematic to say the least. Mount Toba eruption is said to be the reason but it's a doubtful and disputed conclusion. Other authors believe in a more gradual transition and there are traces of behavioral modernity prior to Mount Toba. (1) More: it is likely that social factors, rather than environmental ones, played a bigger role in the development of the modern human brain.
- About the mass extinctions caused by humans he fails to mention a crucial detail: they adapted. The extinctions stopped both in America and Australia in such a way that humans in many parts of America (2) and all over Australia were perfectly adapted to their environment by the end of the Pleistocene. It's basically the process of plant succession in the form of human behavior. The first were weeds, R-selected seres in ecological jargon: they expanded rapidly, plunged the environment for resources causing a overshoot and collapse. The latter hunter-gatherers were a kind of climate climax communities, a K-selected sere: they used their resources sustainably and accepted the limits their environment imposed on them. Many anthropologists notice that in many hunter-gatherer communities they don't consume more food because they don't want to although they're capable of getting more easily (of course, this doesn't apply to all of them: many haven't got the luxury to do this because their environment has been destroyed by the R-selected techno-industrial society). But even climate climax forests, though much more durable and stable than weeds, may be disrupted by some major event such as a fire or climate change. The major disruption caused by the end of the last Ice Age forced many into agriculture as the environment was depleted of large game and they had to work more and focus on smaller animals getting calories than before. Agriculture was comparatively a more productive option than hunting and gathering in many areas. Could this process of succession be applied to more sophisticated and complex human societies? Possibly. (3)
- The author ends up falling for our dominant narrative of Progress. He talks about how humans became gods and visualizes a techno-dystopian future (or utopian for many people). The truth is that technology is subject to the law of diminishing returns. It now takes more people and more money to get technological innovations. (4) But to say this is almost tantamount to heresy in our society - it's part of our common mythology. Surely we will progress technologically for the whole of eternity whether to an utopian fantasy or to a dystopian future. But technological innovations per capita have actually peaked in the 19th century when it was possible to innovate with few resources. Now we require huge research teams and huge amounts of money and energy. I don't think people have the notion that we've been looking for a new cheap or almost endless source of energy (such as nuclear fusion or thorium) for decades. There are limits to what humans can achieve. And, not only have we not been replaced by robots, but also we're working harder than ever with a declining standard of living in almost every developed nation (and with the 'usual' exploitation in developing ones). More: we're spending more and more money just to get increasingly minimal increases in life expectancy. A-mortality (if possible, which is not clear at all) would be certainly economically prohibitive even for the very rich (it requires constant treatments). "Our civilization thinks it commands the historical process with technological power".(5) Nothing could be further from the truth.
- In an interview, Harari speculates that our food problem may already be solved in a century. But beware of the law of diminishing returns. Energy inputs in agriculture of oil derivatives have increased yields in 85% but GMO's are nowhere near that mark (6) and many varieties still require herbicides and others. It's just another myth of human control over nature. Moreover, to keep up with global food demand, the UN estimates, 6m hectares of new farmland will be needed every year. Instead, 12m hectares a year are lost through soil degradation. Unless we create cheap food out of nowhere, the consequences of this may be dire. But humans aren't foresighted by nature. Even respectable magazines such as National Geographic espouse the view that we can solve the food problem by providing small farmers in developing countries with pesticides. Therefore, the solution is to accelerate the rythm of soil destruction elsewhere.
- Harari talks about the idea that we were able to 'increase the pie' so that everyone could get a bigger share and he attributes that mainly to capitalist ideas. The truth is that we were able to 'increase the pie' not just because of capitalism but because of our higher amount of surplus energy given to us by fossil fuels that allowed a massive percentage of the population to work in activities not related to food production. Cheap abundant and dense energy is the cause for the uniqueness and complexity of our civilization. We've not risen above nature: we're dependent on it (not just regarding to this). The higher the surplus energy, the higher the sophistication of the civilisation. In other words, energy is the massive exponential that drives GDP, population increase, etc. A sustained transition to renewables and nuclear power is now largely impossible. We would need massive amounts of energy to do it - many types renewables are also dependent on rare earth minerals. Nuclear energy is still not viable without huge subsidies (7). And we can't transform renewables and nuclear energy in energy inputs for agriculture or fuel for transportation and it's doubtful that we can continue using those without the fossil fuel subsidies that allow us to mine vast amounts of minerals, manufacture the pieces in huge and highly centralised factories and to transport them to the devices to their destinations. As our civilisation needs ever-increasing amounts of surplus energy (which is impossible to continue) we're heading for rough times (8), but certainly not the dystopian future imagined by the author.
- According to Harari, Homo Sapiens is "the animal that became God". This view that we've risen above nature is a dangerous delusion. "Some of the most vaunted achievements of modern life - our extraordinary agricultural productivity, the dazzling wonders of technological medicine, and, indeed, even the affluence of developed economies - are .... castles built on ecological sand that cannot be sustained over the long term . . . . Our apparent abundance is really scarcity in disguise, and our supposed mastery of nature is ultimately a lie" (9). We're using resources that took millions of years to be formed. We have neither abolished natural scarcity nor transcended natural limits. We've simply arranged matters so that the effects of our exploitation of nature and poisening of the earth are felt by others: other species, other places, other people and other generations. I read somewhere that, of 1 dollar of American GDP, 0.75 cents are given for free by nature and only 0.25 cents are created by humans. And we're depleting the resources on which our industrial way of life depends on. "The delusion of control—the conviction, apparently immune to correction by mere facts, that the world is a machine incapable of doing anything but the things we want it to do—pervades contemporary life in the world’s industrial societies. People in those societies spend so much more time dealing with machines than they do interacting with other people and other living things without a machine interface getting in the way, that it’s no wonder that this delusion is so widespread. As long as it retains its grip, though, we can expect the industrial world, and especially its privileged classes, to stumble onward from one preventable disaster to another. That’s the inner secret of the delusion of control, after all: those who insist on seeing the world in mechanical terms end up behaving mechanically themselves." (10) How will future generations remember us? John Michael Greer gives his opinion: "As they think back on the people of the 20th and early 21st centuries who gave them the barren soil and ravaged fisheries, the chaotic weather and rising oceans, the poisoned land and water, the birth defects and cancers that embitter their lives, how will they remember us? I think I know. I think we will be the orcs and Nazgûl of their legends, the collective Satan of their mythology, the ancient race who ravaged the earth and everything on it so they could enjoy lives of wretched excess at the future’s expense. They will remember us as evil incarnate—and from their perspective, it’s by no means easy to dispute that judgment."(11) I completely agree.
- According to the author the only alternative to progress is an apocalyptical type of ending such as an ecologycal catastrophe. So here are two of the main narratives of our society all in the same book. This is a misunderstanding of the historical process. One too common myth is that some sort of disaster (economic collapse, peak oil, global warming... you choose it) will lead to an overnight collapse of industrial civilization and marauding hordes from the cities will haunt the countryside. That never happened in history; it's one of our common illusions. Civilizations take decades or centuries to ultimately collapse. That doesn't mean that they don't face problems until then. On the contrary, it's a very painful process generally marked by wars, hunger, epidemics and increasing poverty. These don't strike all at once in an apocalyptic ending. Sometimes, there are short periods of stability if the rulers are sufficiently able. But the overall experience is not pleasant to say the least and serious problems will undoubtedly happen within the lifetime of most of the readers.
Harari is an engaging writer and a different kind of historian. He exposes the history of our species in very interesting way. We get insights in every page and many thought experiments. He exposes modern mythology - eg human rights, capitalistic ideas - that we use to unite ourselves and to cooperate. It gives us meaning of our world. It's a shame that, in the end, he falls for the biggest myth of all.
(1) book "The Origin of Our Species" (2012), Chris Stringer
(2) book "1491" (2005), Charles C. Mann
(3) book "The Ecotechnic Future" (2009), John M. Greer
(4) book "The Collapse of Complex Societies" (1989), Joseph Tainter
(5) p.1, book "Immoderate Greatness: Why Civilizations fail" (2012), William Ophuls
(6) article in pdf "Failure to Yield", Union of Concerned Scientists
(7) article in pdf "Nuclear Power: Still not viable without subsidies", Union of Concerned Scientists
article "Nuclear Power Not Efficient Enough To Replace Fossil Fuels, Study Finds", Science Daily
(8) book "Life after Growth: How the global economy really works - and why 200 years of growth are over" (2013), Tim Morgan
book "Crash Course: The unsustainable future of our economy, energy, and environment", Chris Martenson (2011)
book "The Long Descent: A user's guide to the end of the industrial age" (2008), John Michael Greer
(9) p. 29-30, book "Plato's Revenge: Politics in the Age of Ecology"
(10) post "The delusion of control", in "The Archdruid Report" blog
(11) post "Dark Age America: Bitter Legacy", in "The Archdruid Report" blog

Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari
Moderately enjoyed it.
• The book is split into two sections, the first half is a history of the evolutionary development of Homo Sapiens within the Homo genus, the second half is a history of human cultural development. I thought that the first half was much more interesting and enjoyable than the second, which was marred by factual errors, over-statements and excessive political correctness.
• A standard Harari technique is to attempt to view a problem from an unusual perspective, such as when he says that the key moment in the scientific revolution was when we (humanity) acknowledged that there were questions to which we did not know the answer, when previously we had believed that either the questions were not worth asking or had been answered through divine revelation. In some cases this is novel and interesting, but he attempts the trick too often such as when he states that wheat has domesticated us rather than vice versa. I don’t see wheat messing around with our genes to make us easier to harvest. Humanity is very much in control of that particular relationship.
• Written from a strong Liberal perspective that seems to see history as a series of disappointing episodes that would have all failed to pass modern human rights legislation. If we are to learn anything from history we have to understand how people behaved based on the choices that they faced. I found much of his discussion of racial and sexual inequality tiresome even though I didn’t particularly disagree with any of it. Even Liberals will tire of the output from the Liberal propaganda department.
o In the section title “Purity in America” Hariri argues that racial segregation in America is due to a series of historical accidents. He finishes with the line: “Due to these circumstantial factors, the burgeoning new societies of America were to be divided into a ruling caste of white Europeans and a subjugated caste of black Africans.” This implies that the Whites lorded it over the Blacks as the result of a historical accident, “circumstantial factors”. No. It may be Politically Correct to argue that history is all a result of random chance that elevated some people over other equally deserving ones, but that is not actually how the world works. If that were the case there would be no purpose in studying anything at all as all knowledge would give you no advantage over others. History teaches us that Europeans were in the position to enslave Africans because of their superior economic and scientific institutions that gave them better armies and weapons. We can deplore how Europeans used their power, but they did not acquire their power through blind chance. To say otherwise is to deny the whole field of Economic History which devotes itself to these problems.
o The Scientific Revolution: “It began in western Europe, a large peninsula on the tip of Afro-Asia, which up till then played no important role in history. [really???] Why did the Scientific Revolution begin there of all places, and not in China or India? Why did it begin at the midpoint of the second millennium AD rather than two centuries before or three centuries later? We don’t know. Scholars have proposed dozens of theories, but none of them is particularly convincing.” In whose opinion? I would suggest that all of them are superior to the Hariri theory that it was just a result of blind chance.
o “At least since the days of Cyrus and Qin Shi Huangdi, empires have justified their actions – whether road-building or bloodshed – as necessary to spread a superior culture from which the conquered benefit more than the conquerors.” What do you expect? From their perspective they are the demonstrably superior culture since they have defeated the other in battle.
• Parts I enjoyed:
o The reminder that our ancestors massacred every species of mega-fauna they could: “Don’t believe tree-huggers who claim that our ancestors lived in harmony with nature.”
o The whole discussion of Nazi Eugenics within the context of their belief that without intervention humans would degenerate genetically. It made me understand Nazi racial policy better.
o “We do not trust the stranger, or the next door neighbour – we trust the coin they hold. If they run out of coin, we run out of trust.” We trust social norms more than we trust people.
o “If we combine all the victims of all these persecutions, it turns out that in these three centuries, the polytheistic Romans killed no more than a few thousand Christians. In contrast, over the course of the next 1,500 years, Christians slaughtered Christians by the millions to defend slightly different interpretations of the religion of god and compassion.”
o The discussion of the East India Company and how private enterprise will be exploitative if not checked by government. Made a strong case that capitalism must be strongly constrained by the state.
• Parts where he overstated his case:
o “Just 6 million years ago, a single female ape had two daughters. One became the ancestors of all chimpanzees, the other is our own grandmother.” Not true, species diverge gradually over time. There is no point at which you can say this individual belongs to a different species than their parent. Rather you can say that a new species is in the process of being created.
o “Since humans are born underdeveloped, they can be educated and socialised to a far greater extent than any other animal.” Really? You have just one data point. Perhaps it is a function of our huge brain.
o “The human collective knows far more today than did the ancient bands. But at the individual level, ancient foragers were the most knowledgeable and skilful people in history.” This does not follow. Even today’s survival experts probably know more about foraging in any particular environment than did our ancestors, because they have the benefit of scientific knowledge.
o “The Agricultural Revolution was history’s biggest fraud.” Ten malnourished farmers can kill 3 well nourished hunter gatherers. The Agricultural Revolution did not promise Utopia just that it could generally support a larger population with greater security of supply than could foraging. Also, the Agricultural Revolution seems to be doing just fine right now. Thanks. How is hunting and gathering going?
o “Why didn’t humans abandon farming when the plan backfired? Partly because it took generations for the small changes to accumulate and transform society and, by then, nobody remembered that they had ever lived differently.” Piss poor. The best explanation Hariri can come up with for the continuation of farming is that people forgot how to forage. Isn’t a better explanation that he overstates the relative disadvantages of farming. It is likely that the early farmers mixed foraging with farming and could have easily switched between the two.
o “Foragers were never obliged to handle large amounts of mathematical data..... This mental limitation severely constrained the size and complexity of human collectives.” Really? Where is the evidence for this? Human beings are ingenious. They probably found ways to cope.
o “...the Sumerians were able to preserve far more data than any human brain could remember or any DNA chain could encode.” Really? Scientists are currently working on ways to encode “all the world’s data” in DNA.
o “We should note that belief in gods persists within many modern ideologies, and that some of them, most notably liberalism, make little sense without this belief.” Eh? This little bombshell is dropped without explanation or justification.
o On how Britain supposedly saved the Greek revolution against the Turks in order to protect British bondholders who had leant the Greeks money: “The bondholders’ interest was the national interest, so the British organised an international fleet that, in 1827 sank the main Ottoman flotilla in the battle of Navarino. After centuries of subjugation, Greece was finally free. But freedom came with a huge debt that the new country had no way of repaying.” Hariri falsely portrays one of history’s great military blunders as an intentional act of war by the British. In fact, Admiral Codrington, in charge of the coalition fleet, had been ordered to police the Turkish fleet and prevent it from attacking the Greeks, but had been explicitly told not to attack it because the British weakening the Ottoman empire and thereby upsetting the balance of power in the Middle East in favour of Russia. Codrington chose to aggressively interpret his orders and sailed into Navarino bay close to the Turks in order to prevent them from harassing the Greek natives on the Peloponnese. “The British frigate Dartmouth sent a boat to ask some Turkish fireships to move further away from where she was anchored. The Turks, assuming that the boat contained a boarding party, opened fire on it, killing an officer and wounding some of the men. The frigate returned a ‘defensive fire’, which was then taken up by a nearby French man-of-war. Up until now only muskets had been used, until suddenly the Turks fired their cannons at the French flagship, the Sirene, and firing became general.” [from Great Military Blunders by Geoffrey Regan]. The modern allied fleet quickly destroyed the Turkish fleet, but in the aftermath the British, French and Russian ambassadors apologised to the Sultan for “this untoward event” and Codrington was denounced in the House of Commons for disobeying orders.
o There were lots more, but I think you get the point.
Overall
Good in parts. Some interesting and entertaining bits of Revisionism, but heavily marred by Political Correctness. Harari seems to believe that because everyone is equal then the relative success of different cultures can only have arisen through by accident. He therefore seems to denigrate the whole field of Economic History.


Y. Harari ist dagegen Historiker und bringt so ziemlich alles zusammen, auch evolutionsbiologische Aspekte, was passiert ist, seitdem wir vom Baum gestiegen sind und zu dem geführt hat, was wir heute sind. Zeitlich betrachtet stehen allerdings eher die letzten 30.000 Jahre im Fokus, in denen sich auch kulturgeschichtliche Entwicklungen abgespielt haben.
Mein Fazit an dieser Stelle:
Das Buch ist wirklich spannend geschrieben und dürfte für jeden Leser viele interessante Aspekte beinhalten, die vor allem in dem großen Bogen, den der Autor mit diesem Buch spannt, neue Perspektiven und Zusammenhänge erkennen lässt, die bisher vielleicht noch im Dickicht von kleinräumigeren Fachbüchern und Denkweisen unbemerkt blieben. Ob diese Zusammenhänge dann wiederum relevant sind oder eher aus dem Storytelling heraus entstehen, ist eine andere Frage. Der Autor sieht sich auch nicht als Experte auf sämtlichen Gebieten, die er in seinem Buch anschneidet, sondern als Generalist, der die Herausforderung annimmt, die gesamte Entstehungsgeschichte der Menschheit zu beschreiben und auch zu analysieren. Bei den analytischen Passagen bringt er dann aber doch bewusst oder unbewusst auch seine Meinung ein, die teilweise zu Bewertungen führt, die sich so objektiv nicht bewahrheiten lassen. Zum Beispiel die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft als größter Betrug der Menschheit (ab S. 87, dazu unten mehr) oder die Spekulationen über den Mensch der Zukunft, ab S. 445, die dann die Ausgangslage für sein zweites ebenfalls lesenswertes Buch „Homo Deus“ liefern. Die Quellen außerhalb des Fachgebietes des Autors sind oftmals Sekundärliteratur, wiederum teilweise bekannter Sachbuchautoren wie Jared Diamond, Daniel Kahneman und anderen oder Pressebeiträge. Das Problem dabei ist, dass der Autor sich darauf verlassen muss, dass diese hochangesehenen und auch aus der Wissenschaft stammenden Persönlichkeiten ebenfalls sauber recherchiert haben. Das haben diese bestimmt getan, allerdings sollte sich ein Wissenschaftler, wie Y. Harari selber einer ist, dennoch die relevanten Originalpublikationen ansehen, die er für die Untermauerung seiner Hypothesen heranzieht, so viele sind es nämlich auch nicht, dass er sich nicht die Mühe machen könnte, siehe unten. Denn auch die beispielhaft genannten Bestseller-Autoren Kahnemann und Diamond sind in ihren populärwissenschaftlichen Büchern nicht frei von persönlicher Meinung. Auch werden immer wieder vage Zeiträume in der frühgeschichtlichen Entwicklung der Menschheit erwähnt, wo der Mensch so oder so gelebt haben soll und deshalb ist dann später alles so gekommen, wie es nun einmal gekommen ist. Der Hindsight-Bias lässt grüßen. Wer Daniel E. Lieberman liest, wird schnell sehen, dass diese Begründungen keiner wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung standhalten, da das Wissen über die tatsächliche Lebensweise der Menschen vor mehr als 100.000 bis 700.000 Jahren gar nicht in dem Detail erforscht ist, um davon allumfassend Ursachen für unser heutiges Leben abzuleiten. Natürlich ist Spekulieren erlaubt, aber dann eher im Fiction-Buch-Bereich. Nicht nur die Art der Quellenverweise, sondern auch die Dichte der Quellen (130 Quellen auf 466 Seiten macht 0,3 Zitierungen pro Seite) lässt erkennen, dass sich sehr viel (aber auch sehr gut gelungenes) Storytelling beigemischt hat. Das ist aber auch der einzige Kritikpunkt. Das Buch ist definitiv ein Augenöffner.
Hier noch eine Ergänzung zur oben erwähnten Theorie des Autors, dass die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft der größte Betrug der Menschheitsgeschichte ist. Der gesamte zweite Teil des Buches dreht sich um die landwirtschaftliche Revolution, die vor 10.000 Jahren begonnen hat und wohl bis heute andauert.
Der Autor, und interessanterweise auch der Evolutionsbiologe Lieberman in seinem erwähnten Buch, sehen den Beginn der Landwirtschaft als das einschneidendste Ereignis in der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Liebermann als einer der führenden Evolutionsbiologen findet in den Quellen von Y. Harari jedoch kein einziges Mal Erwähnung. Stattdessen aber ein anderer Evolutionsbiologe: Jared Diamond. Letzterer betrachtet in seinen populärwissenschaftlichen Werken vor allem geografische Räume und wie die gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen inklusive des Konsumverhaltens bisweilen auch zur Auslöschung von Populationen geführt haben. Er ist letztlich die Quelle für die Kernaussage und den Titel des ersten Unterkapitels von Teil 2, dass die Landwirtschaft der größte Betrug der Menschheitsgeschichte ist. Weiter auf S. 89 behauptet der Autor, dass KEINE Evidenz dafür besteht, dass die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft ein großer Sprung für die Entwicklung der Menschheit war. Auch die Jäger und Sammler hätten bereits ausreichend große Gehirne besessen, um die Natur zu verstehen und zu nutzen. Wer sich evolutionsbiologisch genauer damit befasst hat, weiß, dass diese Aussage schlicht falsch ist. Die Größe des Gehirns sagt nichts über die kognitiven und sozialen Fähigkeiten eines Lebewesens aus. Der Neandertaler hatte bekanntlich ein größeres Gehirn und ist ausgestorben. Vermutlich Mangels der Fähigkeiten in der Form zu kommunizieren wie der Frühmensch und längere Strecken für die Nahrungsbeschaffung bewältigen zu können, weil er nicht so gut schwitzen konnte. Der Autor behauptet, die Menschheit wäre damit einen Handel zu eigenen Ungunsten eingegangen und begründet dies mit der Zeit, die Jäger und Sammler zur Nahrungsbeschaffung aufwenden mussten, die deutlich geringer war als die der in der Landwirtschaft schuftenden Frühfarmer. Die Tatsache ist zwar korrekt, aber irrelevant, denn heute arbeiten gerade mal 2% der Menschen in der Landwirtschaft und die Arbeit wird weitgehend von Maschinen erledigt. Weiterhin werden ernährungsbezogene Zivilisationserkrankungen als Beleg für den Selbstbetrug der Menschen durch die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft herangeführt. Wie der Name es schon sagt, existieren diese Erkrankungen seit Beginn der Zivilisation, vor 10.000 Jahren dürften sie die Ausnahme gewesen sein. Generell hat das Mehr an Nahrung, an besser planbarer Nahrung, zu mehr Bevölkerungswachstum durch geringere Kindersterblichkeit und eine höhere Lebenserwartung geführt. Mit der industriellen Landwirtschaft, wie sie gerade erst seit etwa knapp 100 Jahren entstanden ist, haben sich andere Problematiken ergeben: neben Überernährung auch ökologische Auswirkungen und ethische Fragen der Tierhaltung. Genauso wie durch das Bevölkerungswachstum, wobei Hunger auf der Welt maßgeblich durch politische Instabilität hervorgerufen wird und nicht durch faktischen Mangel an Nahrungsmitteln. Dennoch wären viele Entwicklungsschritte der Menschheit ohne die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft niemals möglich gewesen. Denn wie der Sozialtheoretiker Abraham Maslow beschrieben hat (vor der industriellen Landwirtschaft, wie wir sie kenne), dient sie der Befriedigung eines essentiellen Grundbedürfnisses, der Ernährung, bevor wir uns um Fragen der Selbstverwirklichung und gesellschaftlichen sowie technologischen Herausforderungen widmen können. Wer nichts zu essen hat, kümmert sich als erstes darum, etwas zu essen zu bekommen.
Warum geht der Autor also derart einseitig auf das Thema ein? Ein Interview mit dem SPIEGEL, Ausgabe 12/17, gibt Aufschluss. Er ist Veganer. Das an sich ist nichts besonderes, allerdings ist nicht auszuschließen, dass der Autor einer durch seine Ideologie beeinflussten Verzerrung unterliegt, die besonders im zweiten Teil des Buches hervortritt, und daher gegenteilige Erkenntnisse einfach unterschlägt.


Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 28 June 2018
Y. Harari ist dagegen Historiker und bringt so ziemlich alles zusammen, auch evolutionsbiologische Aspekte, was passiert ist, seitdem wir vom Baum gestiegen sind und zu dem geführt hat, was wir heute sind. Zeitlich betrachtet stehen allerdings eher die letzten 30.000 Jahre im Fokus, in denen sich auch kulturgeschichtliche Entwicklungen abgespielt haben.
Mein Fazit an dieser Stelle:
Das Buch ist wirklich spannend geschrieben und dürfte für jeden Leser viele interessante Aspekte beinhalten, die vor allem in dem großen Bogen, den der Autor mit diesem Buch spannt, neue Perspektiven und Zusammenhänge erkennen lässt, die bisher vielleicht noch im Dickicht von kleinräumigeren Fachbüchern und Denkweisen unbemerkt blieben. Ob diese Zusammenhänge dann wiederum relevant sind oder eher aus dem Storytelling heraus entstehen, ist eine andere Frage. Der Autor sieht sich auch nicht als Experte auf sämtlichen Gebieten, die er in seinem Buch anschneidet, sondern als Generalist, der die Herausforderung annimmt, die gesamte Entstehungsgeschichte der Menschheit zu beschreiben und auch zu analysieren. Bei den analytischen Passagen bringt er dann aber doch bewusst oder unbewusst auch seine Meinung ein, die teilweise zu Bewertungen führt, die sich so objektiv nicht bewahrheiten lassen. Zum Beispiel die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft als größter Betrug der Menschheit (ab S. 87, dazu unten mehr) oder die Spekulationen über den Mensch der Zukunft, ab S. 445, die dann die Ausgangslage für sein zweites ebenfalls lesenswertes Buch „Homo Deus“ liefern. Die Quellen außerhalb des Fachgebietes des Autors sind oftmals Sekundärliteratur, wiederum teilweise bekannter Sachbuchautoren wie Jared Diamond, Daniel Kahneman und anderen oder Pressebeiträge. Das Problem dabei ist, dass der Autor sich darauf verlassen muss, dass diese hochangesehenen und auch aus der Wissenschaft stammenden Persönlichkeiten ebenfalls sauber recherchiert haben. Das haben diese bestimmt getan, allerdings sollte sich ein Wissenschaftler, wie Y. Harari selber einer ist, dennoch die relevanten Originalpublikationen ansehen, die er für die Untermauerung seiner Hypothesen heranzieht, so viele sind es nämlich auch nicht, dass er sich nicht die Mühe machen könnte, siehe unten. Denn auch die beispielhaft genannten Bestseller-Autoren Kahnemann und Diamond sind in ihren populärwissenschaftlichen Büchern nicht frei von persönlicher Meinung. Auch werden immer wieder vage Zeiträume in der frühgeschichtlichen Entwicklung der Menschheit erwähnt, wo der Mensch so oder so gelebt haben soll und deshalb ist dann später alles so gekommen, wie es nun einmal gekommen ist. Der Hindsight-Bias lässt grüßen. Wer Daniel E. Lieberman liest, wird schnell sehen, dass diese Begründungen keiner wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung standhalten, da das Wissen über die tatsächliche Lebensweise der Menschen vor mehr als 100.000 bis 700.000 Jahren gar nicht in dem Detail erforscht ist, um davon allumfassend Ursachen für unser heutiges Leben abzuleiten. Natürlich ist Spekulieren erlaubt, aber dann eher im Fiction-Buch-Bereich. Nicht nur die Art der Quellenverweise, sondern auch die Dichte der Quellen (130 Quellen auf 466 Seiten macht 0,3 Zitierungen pro Seite) lässt erkennen, dass sich sehr viel (aber auch sehr gut gelungenes) Storytelling beigemischt hat. Das ist aber auch der einzige Kritikpunkt. Das Buch ist definitiv ein Augenöffner.
Hier noch eine Ergänzung zur oben erwähnten Theorie des Autors, dass die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft der größte Betrug der Menschheitsgeschichte ist. Der gesamte zweite Teil des Buches dreht sich um die landwirtschaftliche Revolution, die vor 10.000 Jahren begonnen hat und wohl bis heute andauert.
Der Autor, und interessanterweise auch der Evolutionsbiologe Lieberman in seinem erwähnten Buch, sehen den Beginn der Landwirtschaft als das einschneidendste Ereignis in der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Liebermann als einer der führenden Evolutionsbiologen findet in den Quellen von Y. Harari jedoch kein einziges Mal Erwähnung. Stattdessen aber ein anderer Evolutionsbiologe: Jared Diamond. Letzterer betrachtet in seinen populärwissenschaftlichen Werken vor allem geografische Räume und wie die gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen inklusive des Konsumverhaltens bisweilen auch zur Auslöschung von Populationen geführt haben. Er ist letztlich die Quelle für die Kernaussage und den Titel des ersten Unterkapitels von Teil 2, dass die Landwirtschaft der größte Betrug der Menschheitsgeschichte ist. Weiter auf S. 89 behauptet der Autor, dass KEINE Evidenz dafür besteht, dass die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft ein großer Sprung für die Entwicklung der Menschheit war. Auch die Jäger und Sammler hätten bereits ausreichend große Gehirne besessen, um die Natur zu verstehen und zu nutzen. Wer sich evolutionsbiologisch genauer damit befasst hat, weiß, dass diese Aussage schlicht falsch ist. Die Größe des Gehirns sagt nichts über die kognitiven und sozialen Fähigkeiten eines Lebewesens aus. Der Neandertaler hatte bekanntlich ein größeres Gehirn und ist ausgestorben. Vermutlich Mangels der Fähigkeiten in der Form zu kommunizieren wie der Frühmensch und längere Strecken für die Nahrungsbeschaffung bewältigen zu können, weil er nicht so gut schwitzen konnte. Der Autor behauptet, die Menschheit wäre damit einen Handel zu eigenen Ungunsten eingegangen und begründet dies mit der Zeit, die Jäger und Sammler zur Nahrungsbeschaffung aufwenden mussten, die deutlich geringer war als die der in der Landwirtschaft schuftenden Frühfarmer. Die Tatsache ist zwar korrekt, aber irrelevant, denn heute arbeiten gerade mal 2% der Menschen in der Landwirtschaft und die Arbeit wird weitgehend von Maschinen erledigt. Weiterhin werden ernährungsbezogene Zivilisationserkrankungen als Beleg für den Selbstbetrug der Menschen durch die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft herangeführt. Wie der Name es schon sagt, existieren diese Erkrankungen seit Beginn der Zivilisation, vor 10.000 Jahren dürften sie die Ausnahme gewesen sein. Generell hat das Mehr an Nahrung, an besser planbarer Nahrung, zu mehr Bevölkerungswachstum durch geringere Kindersterblichkeit und eine höhere Lebenserwartung geführt. Mit der industriellen Landwirtschaft, wie sie gerade erst seit etwa knapp 100 Jahren entstanden ist, haben sich andere Problematiken ergeben: neben Überernährung auch ökologische Auswirkungen und ethische Fragen der Tierhaltung. Genauso wie durch das Bevölkerungswachstum, wobei Hunger auf der Welt maßgeblich durch politische Instabilität hervorgerufen wird und nicht durch faktischen Mangel an Nahrungsmitteln. Dennoch wären viele Entwicklungsschritte der Menschheit ohne die Erfindung der Landwirtschaft niemals möglich gewesen. Denn wie der Sozialtheoretiker Abraham Maslow beschrieben hat (vor der industriellen Landwirtschaft, wie wir sie kenne), dient sie der Befriedigung eines essentiellen Grundbedürfnisses, der Ernährung, bevor wir uns um Fragen der Selbstverwirklichung und gesellschaftlichen sowie technologischen Herausforderungen widmen können. Wer nichts zu essen hat, kümmert sich als erstes darum, etwas zu essen zu bekommen.
Warum geht der Autor also derart einseitig auf das Thema ein? Ein Interview mit dem SPIEGEL, Ausgabe 12/17, gibt Aufschluss. Er ist Veganer. Das an sich ist nichts besonderes, allerdings ist nicht auszuschließen, dass der Autor einer durch seine Ideologie beeinflussten Verzerrung unterliegt, die besonders im zweiten Teil des Buches hervortritt, und daher gegenteilige Erkenntnisse einfach unterschlägt.

